Creating MathML Web Pages

You have a number of options for creating MathML web pages. Design Science's MathType and WebEQ products both contain MathML authoring capabilities, and several other vendors also provide MathML authoring tools. Web programmers also have the option of generating MathML web pages programmatically using the technical information below. 

• Authoring with MathType
• Authoring with WebEQ
• Other Authoring Tools
• Making Your Pages Work with Netscape and Mozilla
• Anatomy of a MathPlayer-enabled Web Page

Authoring with MathType

There are two ways to work with MathML using our MathType product:

From a Microsoft Word document:

If you have a Microsoft Word document containing MathType and/or Equation Editor equations, you can generate a web page using MathType 5's MathPage feature. Just choose the "XHTML+MathML" or "MathPlayer (IE behavior)" target in the MathPage dialog.  The "MathPlayer (IE behavior)" target creates a standard HTML page viewable by Internet Explorer with MathPlayer.  To create XHTML pages that are also viewable in Netscape and Mozilla, choose the "XHTML+MathML" target.  See Making Your Pages Work with Netscape and Mozilla for more information about the differences between HTML and XHTML pages.

With your favorite HTML editor:

If you normally author web pages using an HTML editor, such as Adobe's GoLive or Macromedia's Dreamweaver, you can use MathType to create equations one-by-one and paste them into the web page you are editing. First, go to MathType 5's Translator facility and choose the translator named "MathML 2.0 (m namespace)". Then, when you copy an equation from MathType's editing window, it will be automatically translated to MathML. Just bring your HTML editor to the front, place the insertion point where you want the equation and paste.

You will also need to make sure the head section of your HTML page contains the proper MathPlayer declaration statements. The easiest way to ensure your page is set up correctly is to start with one of the templates provided below in the Anatomy of a MathPlayer-enabled Web Page section.

You can also use this technique to create XHTML pages that are viewable in Netscape and Mozilla as well as Internet Explorer.  In this case, you will need to be sure your HTML editor can generate XHTML. Recent versions of Microsoft FrontPage and Dreamweaver both have this capability.  In addition, you will also need to set your MathType translator to "MathML 2.0 (namespace attr)" and use different declarations in the head section of your page.  As with HTML pages, the easiest way to ensure your page is set up correctly is to start with the appropriate template provided below in the Anatomy of a MathPlayer-enabled Web Page section.

Authoring with WebEQ

With our WebEQ Developers Suite, you also have two choices.

Using WebEQ Editor:

You can use the WebEQ Editor together with your favorite HTML editor, just as you would use MathType. For authoring HTML pages, set your MathML Export preferences to generate markup using an "m:" namespace prefix, and then cut and paste from WebEQ Editor into your HTML source.  For XHTML pages, make sure your HTML editor is set to generate XHTML, and set your WebEQ MathML Export preferences to include a namespace declaration and not to use a namespace prefix.

You will also need to make sure the head section of your HTML page contains the proper declaration statements as described in the Anatomy of a MathPlayer-enabled Web Page section. To place the MathPlayer declaration statements in the head of your page, you can either use the WebEQ Editor's Copy Special command to place the necessary header statements on the clipboard, and paste into your page. Or, start your web page using one of the page templates provided below.

Using WebEQ Publisher:

To create a MathML Web page with WebEQ Publisher, author your HTML or XHTML page as you normally would. For the mathematics, you can either paste in MathML markup using the WebEQ Editor or write WebTeX by hand at the appropriate places in your page source. When the page is finished, run the WebEQ Publisher to add the MathPlayer declarations to the head of your document and translate WebTeX into MathML as necessary. Choose the "MathPlayer namespace declaration" option from the Translation Options dialog for HTML pages and the "Mozilla namespace declaration" option for XHTML pages.

Other Authoring Tools

There are a number of other editors and converters available to help you author MathML Web pages. See the MathML Software list maintained by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).

Making your pages work with Netscape and Mozilla

MathPlayer 2.1 has added support for XHTML + MathML documents. Earlier versions of MathPlayer could only display MathML embedded in HTML documents. This caused interoperability problems with the Netscape and Mozilla browsers which only have support for MathML in XHTML documents. XHTML is a new, XML-based version of HTML with much stricter syntax rules.

Browsers mostly rely on the MIME type of a document to determine whether to treat it as HTML or XHTML. The MIME type is set by the web server and sent along as part of the data in the HTTP response. While MathPlayer can render MathML in both HTML and XHTML pages, unfortunately Netscape and Mozilla can only display MathML in XHTML document. Thus, for maximum interoperability, you will want to generate XHTML pages. For a brief summary of the differences between HTML and XHTML, see Authoring MathML for Mozilla.

To support MathML in XHTML, MathPlayer 2.1 monitors incoming XML documents. When it detects an XHTML + MathML document, it automatically processes it to add the necessary MathPlayer declarations to the head of the document and to properly format any embedded MathML markup for display with MathPlayer. For MathPlayer's automatic processing of XHTML + MathML documents to be triggered for a page, it must satisfy the following conditions:

1. The document must have a complete, valid XHTML + MathML DOCTYPE declaration, OR the document must declare the MathML namespace on the <html> element.  In either case, the declaration must be contained within the first 2000 characters of the document.
2. There can be no XSL stylesheet directive within the first 2000 characters of the page. If the author has specified XSL processing, automatic processing by MathPlayer will interfere.
3. Documents served from a web server should be served with the MIME type
   • 'application/xhtml+xml' 

   IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force ), the standards organization in charge of MIME types, has issued new rules that make application/xhtml+xml the preferred MIME type for XHTML pages and that deprecate the use of text/xml.  However, for backward compatibility, MathPlayer will continue to support  XHTML documents served by a web server with MIME types 

   • 'text/xml' 
   • 'text/xml; charset=utf-8',
   • 'text/xml; charset=iso-8859-1'

   Note, however, on some systems, MathPlayer processing may fail for these MIME types due to low-level conflicts in the handling of text/xml documents.  Such conflicts were an important factor in IETF's decision to deprecate text/xml.

   For documents viewed from the local file system, and not through a web server, documents should be given the extension .xht rather than .xml to insure proper processing by MathPlayer.

See Server Setup and Configuration for more details on setting MIME types.

The universal math style sheet

Using an XSL stylesheet is another method for creating MathML web pages that are interoperable between Internet Explorer and MathPlayer, Netscape and Mozilla. Before MathPlayer 2.1 added direct support for XHTML, this was the only method to create interoperable web pages and it is still in common usage. The W3C provides a universal XSL Math stylesheet, along with instructions for its use.

MathPlayer 2.1 is backward compatible with the Universal Math Style Sheet. As noted above, XHTML + MathML pages that contain a link to a stylesheet will not be processed by MathPlayer, and will continue to function as they did with earlier versions of MathPlayer. Since XSL stylesheets are somewhat tricky to use, and lead to slower display, we do not recommend the use of the W3C Math style sheet for new pages.

Anatomy of a MathPlayer-enabled Web Page

If you want to create a web page by hand, the following outlines what needs to be in an HTML or XHTML page for MathPlayer to work in Internet Explorer. For more in depth discussion of the meaning and syntax of the relevant declaration statements in both formats, see the Introduction to Using MathML tutorial.

For HTML:

<HTML XMLNS:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<HEAD>
   <OBJECT
      ID=MathPlayer
      CLASSID="clsid:32F66A20-7614-11D4-BD11-00104BD3F987"
   >
   </OBJECT>
   <?IMPORT NAMESPACE="m" IMPLEMENTATION="#MathPlayer" ?>
</HEAD>
<BODY>

...

<p>Here is some math:
   <m:math>
      <m:msup>
         <m:mi>x</m:mi>
         <m:mn>2</m:mn>
      </m:msup>
      <m:mo>+</m:mo>
      <m:mn>9</m:mn>
      <m:mi>x</m:mi>
      <m:mo>+</m:mo>
      <m:mn>9</m:mn>
      <m:mo>=</m:mo>
      <m:mn>0</m:mn>
   </m:math>
</p>
</BODY></HTML>

Here are some details:

• The XMLNS:M attribute in the HTML tag establishes that any element name in the document prefixed by "m" refers to MathML 2.0.
• In the HEAD element:
  • The OBJECT element attaches the "MathPlayer" ID to the MathPlayer software itself.
    • The CLASSID names MathPlayer's unique GUID that tells Internet Explorer (via the Windows Registry) where MathPlayer is installed on the local computer.
  • The IMPORT processing instruction says that elements whose namespace is indicated by the "m" prefix are to be displayed using the software whose ID is "MathPlayer".
• Internet Explorer requires that MathML (or any XML fragment) embedded in the HTML document have each element name preceded by a namespace prefix, "m" in this case.

The above HTML code is available as an HTML Page Template. To get your own copy of this file, right-click on the link in the previous sentence and choose the Save Target As command. WARNING: The file menu Save and Save As commands will not properly save the file. Internet Explorer will remove the processing instruction. This is a known bug in Internet Explorer.

For XHTML

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1 plus MathML 2.0 plus SVG 1.1//EN"
               "http://www.w3.org/Math/DTD/mathml2/xhtml-math11-f.dtd">  
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
</head>
<body>

...

<p>Here is some math:
   <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
      <msup>
         <mi>x</mi>
         <mn>2</mn>
      </msup>
      <mo>+</mo>
      <mn>9</mn>
      <mi>x</mi>
      <mo>+</mo>
      <mn>9</mn>
      <mo>=</mo>
      <mn>0</mn>
   </math>
</p>
</body></html>

Here are some details:

• XHTML files must begin with an <?xml ... ?> processing instruction
• The page must contain a valid XHTML + MathML DOCTYPE declaration before the start of the document markup as shown.
• In XTHML all tag names are lower case.
• The <html> element and each <math> element must have a namespace attribute (xmlns) with the values shown.

The above code is available as a XML Page Template. To get your own copy of this file, right-click on the link in the previous sentence and choose Save Target As. Doing View Source on the actual page will only get you what MathPlayer transforms the page into.